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<title>Avialae</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avialae</span></h1>

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<th>Avialae

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<p>Fossil von <i><a href="Jeholornis" title="Jeholornis">Jeholornis</a></i>

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<th><a href="Erdzeitalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdzeitalter">Zeitliches Auftreten</a>

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<td class="taxo-zeit">Oberjura bis heute

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<th><a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">Fundorte</a>

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<ul><li>weltweit</li></ul>

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<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>

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<td><a href="Dinosaurier" title="Dinosaurier">Dinosaurier</a> (Dinosauria)

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<td><a href="Echsenbeckensaurier" title="Echsenbeckensaurier">Echsenbeckensaurier</a> (Saurischia)

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<td><a href="Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a>

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<td><a href="Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a>

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<td><a href="Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a>

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<td>Avialae

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<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>

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<td class="taxo-name">Avialae

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<td class="Person"><a href="Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Gauthier</a>, 1986

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<p><b>Avialae</b> (zu deutsch <i>Vogelflügel</i>) bezeichnet eine <a href="Klade" title="Klade">Klade</a> <a href="Theropoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropoden">theropoder</a> <a href="Dinosaurier" title="Dinosaurier">Dinosaurier</a>, die mit den <a href="V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel">Vögeln</a> (Aves bzw. <a href="Neornithes" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a>) die einzige rezente Gruppe der Dinosaurier enthält. Die Avialae werden auch als <b>Vögel im weiteren Sinne</b> bezeichnet. Sie umfassen nach gängiger Definition alle Theropoden, die näher mit den Vögeln verwandt sind als mit den <a href="Deinonychosauria" title="Deinonychosauria">Deinonychosauria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weishampel-2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weishampel-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senter2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senter2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p><a href="Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> führte den Namen Avialae 1986 ein und definierte sie 2001 neu als alle Dinosaurier umfassend, die gefiederte Flügel tragen, die sie im Schlagflug bewegen, und deren Abkömmlinge, inklusive der heutigen Vögel.

</p><p>2013 ordnete eine Forschungsgruppe um <a href="Pascal_Godefroit" title="Pascal Godefroit">Pascal Godefroit</a> den kleinen, gefiederten Theropoden <i><a href="Aurornis" title="Aurornis">Aurornis xui</a></i> als ältesten und ursprünglichsten Vertreter der Avialae ein.<sup id="cite_ref-godefroit-etal-2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godefroit-etal-2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Die Abgrenzung zum Begriff <a href="V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel">Aves</a> ist teilweise strittig, da dieser unterschiedlich verwendet wird. Gauthier und de Queiroz schlagen zur Abgrenzung vor, Aves als <a href="Kronengruppe" title="Kronengruppe">Kronengruppe</a> zu definieren, die die heutigen, rezenten Vögel umfasst bis zurück zu ihrem <a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gauthier&dequeiroz-2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz-2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andere Wissenschaftler setzen <a href="Neornithes" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a> als Kronengruppe.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang-2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Äußere_Systematik"><span id=".C3.84u.C3.9Fere_Systematik"></span>Äußere Systematik</h3></div>

<p>Ein Modell der äußeren Systematik gibt folgendes <a href="Kladogramm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kladogramm">Kladogramm</a> wieder:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a> 

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<p><i><a href="Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i>

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<p><a href="Therizinosauroidea" title="Therizinosauroidea">Therizinosauroidea</a>

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<p><a href="Alvarezsauridae" title="Alvarezsauridae">Alvarezsauridae</a>

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<p><a href="Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">Oviraptorosauria</a>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a> 

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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Deinonychosauria" title="Deinonychosauria">Deinonychosauria</a> 

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<p><a href="Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a>

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<p><a href="Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a>

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<p><b>Avialae</b>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innere_Systematik">Innere Systematik</h3></div>

<p>Einen Überblick über die innere Systematik der Avialae gibt das nachfolgende Kladogramm nach Zhang <i>et al.</i> aus dem Jahr 2008 mit den <a href="Neornithes" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a> als Kronengruppe.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang-2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In anderen, insbesondere älteren Arbeiten werden <a href="Aves" class="mw-disambig" title="Aves">Aves</a> als Kronengruppe gesetzt.

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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> Avialae 

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<p><i><a href="Epidendrosaurus" title="Epidendrosaurus">Epidendrosaurus</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Jeholornis" title="Jeholornis">Jeholornis</a></i>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Avebrevicauda" title="Avebrevicauda">Avebrevicauda</a> 

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<p><i><a href="Sapeornis" title="Sapeornis">Sapeornis</a></i>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a> 

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<p><i><a href="Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a> 

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<p><a href="Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> 

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<p><i><a href="Yanornis" title="Yanornis">Yanornis</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Hesperornis" title="Hesperornis">Hesperornis</a></i>

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<p><a href="Neornithes" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a>

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<p>Nach der Entdeckung und Beschreibung von <a href="Aurornis" title="Aurornis">Aurornis</a> 2013, setzten <a href="Pascal_Godefroit" title="Pascal Godefroit">Godefroit</a> et al. diesen als ursprünglichsten Vertreter. Dies gibt das folgende Kladogramm wieder:<sup id="cite_ref-godefroit-et-al-2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godefroit-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">  Avialae  

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<p> <i><a href="Aurornis" title="Aurornis">Aurornis</a></i>

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<p> <i><a href="Anchiornis" title="Anchiornis">Anchiornis</a></i>

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<p> <i><a href="Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>

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<p> <i><a href="Xiaotingia" title="Xiaotingia">Xiaotingia</a></i>

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<p> <i><a href="Rahonavis" title="Rahonavis">Rahonavis</a></i>

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<p> <i><a href="Shenzhouraptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhouraptor">Shenzhouraptor</a></i>

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<p> <i><a href="Balaur" title="Balaur">Balaur</a></i>

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<p> <a href="Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a>

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<td style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left; line-height:150%;">Neuere systematische Darstellung der Avialae nach Godefroit et al. (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-godefroit-et-al-2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godefroit-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aurornis</i> ist diesem Kladogramm zufolge der ursprünglichste Vertreter der Avialae.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-weishampel-2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-weishampel-2004_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (2004). <i>The Dinosauria</i>, Second Edition. University of California Press., 861 pp.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-senter2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-senter2007_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P Senter: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</cite>. 5. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>429–463</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201907002143">10.1017/S1477201907002143</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JSPal...5..429S">2007JSPal...5..429S</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Avialae&rft.atitle=A+new+look+at+the+phylogeny+of+Coelurosauria+%28Dinosauria%3A+Theropoda%29&rft.au=P%26%2332%3BSenter&rft.date=2007&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS1477201907002143&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.pages=429-463&rft.volume=5.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-godefroit-etal-2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-godefroit-etal-2013_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal Godefroit, Andrea Cau, Hu Dong-Yu, François Escuillié, Wu Wenhao, Gareth Dyke: <cite style="font-style:italic"><span lang="en">A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds</span></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><span lang="en">Nature</span></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>498</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7454</span>, 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>359–362</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12168">10.1038/nature12168</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Avialae&rft.atitle=A+Jurassic+avialan+dinosaur+from+China+resolves+the+early+phylogenetic+history+of+birds&rft.au=Pascal+Godefroit%2C+Andrea+Cau%2C+Hu+Dong-Yu%2C+...&rft.date=2013&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnature12168&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7454&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=359-362&rft.volume=498" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz-2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gauthier&dequeiroz-2001_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauthier, J., and de Queiroz, K. (2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4690/2001Gau_deQOst.pdf">Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves</a>." In: <i>New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom</i> (J. A. Gauthier and L. F. Gall, eds.). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, S. 34.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-zhang-2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zhang-2008_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zhang-2008_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Fucheng Zhang, Zhonghe Zhou, Xing Xu, Xiaolin Wang, Corwin Sullivan: <i>A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> Bd. 455, Nr. 7216, 2008, S. 1105–1108, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07447">10.1038/nature07447</a></span>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Senter: <i>A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda).</i> In: <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.</i> Bd. 5, Nr. 4, 2007, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221477-2019%22&key=cql">1477-2019</a></span></span>, S. 429–463, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201907002143" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1017/S1477201907002143">doi:10.1017/S1477201907002143</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-godefroit-et-al-2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-godefroit-et-al-2013_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-godefroit-et-al-2013_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal Godefroit, Andrea Cau, Hu Dong-Yu, François Escuillié, Wu Wenhao, Gareth Dyke: <cite style="font-style:italic"><span lang="en">A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds</span></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><span lang="en">Nature</span></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>498</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7454</span>, 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>359–362</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12168">10.1038/nature12168</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Avialae&rft.atitle=A+Jurassic+avialan+dinosaur+from+China+resolves+the+early+phylogenetic+history+of+birds&rft.au=Pascal+Godefroit%2C+Andrea+Cau%2C+Hu+Dong-Yu%2C+...&rft.date=2013&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnature12168&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7454&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=359-362&rft.volume=498" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

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